FOUR RHIZOMATA AND THE FIFTH (AND SIXTH) ELEMENT
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Abstract
In this paper, the author analyses Empedocles’ philosophy as a whole,
considering it from the perspective of Aristotle’s causal schematism. The Acragantian
thinker is the fi rst philosopher who, according to Stagirites, can be seen as the one
who recognized all four causes. Water, air, fi re and earth, as representatives of material
cause are of equal ontological rank and conceived by Empedocles as uncreated,
indestructible, qualitatively unchangeable and homogenous everywhere. There are
indications of formal causality in his fragments, i.e. he expresses the thesis that
things are not a random combination of elements, but that there has to be appropriate
proportion in their amalgamation, i.e. logos. Following Aristotle’s insights, the author
has found that Empedocles had not only established four variants of material cause,
but he had also recognized the fi rst effi cient cause as two-folded, dividing it into
two opposite forces Love and Strife. His Philia gathering all in one is a good, that
is fi nal cause. This particular understating of Love had brought Empedocles, along
with Anaxagoras, closer than all pre-Socratic philosophers to the discovery of the
teleological feature of the cosmos. This is what Aristotle especially appreciated in the
„Sicilian muse”.
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